{"id":82731,"date":"2022-09-03T18:10:14","date_gmt":"2022-09-03T16:10:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sesitek.com\/oldsite\/it\/?p=82731"},"modified":"2022-09-03T18:10:14","modified_gmt":"2022-09-03T16:10:14","slug":"brief-history-of-barcodes-and-how-they-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sesitek.com\/en\/brief-history-of-barcodes-and-how-they-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Brief History of Barcodes and How They Work"},"content":{"rendered":"[:en]\n\t\t
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If you look around and pick a random product, chances are, it has a barcode. We may have a rough idea of what the barcode is used for because we have seen it being scanned in a retail store to reveal details of the product such as manufacturer, product description, product code, and product price. However, we rarely put too much thought into how the barcodes came into being and how they work.<\/p>\n

Below is a brief history of barcodes and how they work.<\/p>\n

Bulls-Eye Barcode<\/b><\/p>\n

The first barcode was invented in 1948<\/b> by Bernard Silver<\/b> and Norman Joseph Woodland<\/b> who were graduate students at Drexel Institute of Technology. This is after Bernard Silver overheard a conversation between a store executive and the dean of engineering about developing a technology that could capture product information automatically<\/b> and speed up the check-out<\/b> process. The two graduate students were fascinated by the idea and began working on their invention.<\/p>\n

After a couple of preliminary ideas and drawing inspiration from the morse code,<\/b> they came up with a barcode in the shape of a bulls-eye<\/b>. They were granted a patent for their invention in 1952<\/b> but the invention took close to twenty years<\/b> to become commercially viable<\/b>.<\/p>\n

First Application of Barcodes<\/b><\/p>\n

The first application of the barcode system was in the railroad system. In the 1960s, <\/b>the Association of American Railroads (AAR) started using the KarTrak Automatic Car Identification system<\/b> which was designed by David J. Collins, an MIT graduate.<\/b><\/p>\n

The system used blue and red reflective stripes<\/b> that were painted on the side of the railroad cars. The stripes contained information<\/b> about ownership<\/b> of the railroad cars and an unique car number<\/b>. Whenever a train approached, the KarTrak barcode reader<\/b> would read the information on the stripes which would then be printed out on a paper or a magnetic tape. The system gained popularity such that by 1975<\/b> almost all railroads in America were using the KarTrak system.<\/p>\n

In 1978<\/b>, the system was abandoned due to poor accuracy<\/b> and an economic downturn<\/b> that made many railroads to become bankrupt.<\/p>\n

David J. Collins went ahead and created his own company, Computer Identics Corporation so that he could pursue other industrial applications of barcode technology.<\/p>\n

Universal Product Code (UPC) Barcodes<\/b><\/p>\n

Back in 1951, Norman Joseph Woodland was employed by IBM<\/b>. Together with Bernard Silver, they persuaded IBM to further develop the barcode technology but due to limitations of technology<\/b>, the invention was not commercially viable<\/b> at the time. They, therefore, sold their bulls-eye patent to Philadelphia Storage Battery Company<\/b>, who later sold it to RCA Corporation in 1952.<\/b><\/p>\n

In 1967, RCA started marketing the bulls-eye barcode to grocery industries beginning their tests in a Kroger store in Cincinnati. Afterward, RCA<\/b> and IBM<\/b> were involved in the barcode technology development competition. RCA had the patent<\/b> but IBM had the original inventor<\/b>, Norman Joseph Woodland<\/b> as their staff. Woodland was greatly involved in the development of a linear UPC barcode<\/b> making IBM emerge as the winner in the technology race.<\/p>\n

In 1974<\/b>, Wrigley\u2019s Juicy Fruit gum became the first item to be scanned commercially with a UPC barcode marking the turning point of barcode technology. Throughout the 1980s<\/b> many retail stores adopted barcode scanning technology due to benefits such as:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Faster checkout<\/li>\n
  2. Enabled instant price changes<\/li>\n
  3. Stores could serve more customers with fewer employees<\/li>\n
  4. Improved accuracy in inventory monitoring<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Quick Response (QR) Code<\/b><\/p>\n

    In 1994<\/b>, a Toyota Subsidiary known as Denso Wave created the QR code to enable faster tracking of vehicle parts. QR code is a two-dimensional barcode <\/b>as it contains symbols and shapes that are two dimensional. The QR code is also able to hold approximately 7000 characters. This was an improvement to the UPC barcode which is one-dimensional<\/b> and can hold up to 20 characters.<\/p>\n

    Another two-dimensional barcode is Aztec<\/b> which was developed in 1995<\/b>. It is popular in the transport sector and it is commonly used in planes and train tickets.<\/p>\n

    Today, barcodes are used across many industries. They are used in hospitals to administer medication, to validate air tickets or movie tickets, advertising, managing inventory, to check out products in the retail industry, and much more.<\/p>\n

    How do Barcodes work?<\/b><\/p>\n

    A barcode is a machine-readable code<\/b> that is in form of black and white lines that have varying widths. A barcode scanner<\/b> is used to read the black and white lines to decode the information contained within the lines and then transmit this information to a computer.<\/p>\n

    In order to read a barcode, a scanner is directed on to the barcode. The scanner\u2019s LED or laser light shines on the barcode and reflects the light to a photoelectric cell<\/b>, an electric component that detects light. As the scanner moves over the barcode, the photoelectric cell generates a pattern of on and off impulses<\/b> which are converted to digital characters<\/b> by an electronic circuit<\/b> within the scanner.<\/p>\n

    The digital characters are then transmitted to a computer system with the product database and used to identify the product. Simply put, barcode scanning is a faster method<\/b> of inputting alphanumeric characters into a computer system.<\/p>\n

    Barcodes have revolutionized the processes of many industries. As barcode technology continues to advance, we can be certain that its application will extend to new frontiers far from its initial purpose which was to speed up check-out and manage inventory better.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>[:es]\n\t\t

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    Si mira a su alrededor y elige un producto al azar, lo m\u00e1s probable es que tenga un c\u00f3digo de barras. Es posible que tengamos una idea aproximada de para qu\u00e9 se usa el c\u00f3digo de barras porque lo hemos visto escaneado en una tienda minorista para revelar detalles del producto, como el fabricante, la descripci\u00f3n del producto, el c\u00f3digo del producto y el precio del producto. Sin embargo, rara vez pensamos demasiado en c\u00f3mo surgieron los c\u00f3digos de barras y c\u00f3mo funcionan.<\/p>\n

    A continuaci\u00f3n se muestra una breve historia de los c\u00f3digos de barras y c\u00f3mo funcionan.<\/p>\n

    C\u00f3digo de barras de ojo de buey<\/h2>\n

    El primer c\u00f3digo de barras fue inventado en 1948 por Bernard Silver y Norman Joseph Woodland, quienes eran estudiantes graduados en el Instituto de Tecnolog\u00eda de Drexel. Esto es despu\u00e9s de que Bernard Silver escuchara una conversaci\u00f3n entre el ejecutivo de una tienda y el decano de ingenier\u00eda sobre el desarrollo de una tecnolog\u00eda que podr\u00eda capturar la informaci\u00f3n del producto autom\u00e1ticamente y acelerar el proceso de pago. Los dos estudiantes de posgrado quedaron fascinados con la idea y comenzaron a trabajar en su invento.<\/p>\n

    Despu\u00e9s de un par de ideas preliminares e inspir\u00e1ndose en el c\u00f3digo morse, se les ocurri\u00f3 un c\u00f3digo de barras en forma de diana. Se les concedi\u00f3 una patente por su invenci\u00f3n en 1952, pero la invenci\u00f3n tard\u00f3 cerca de veinte a\u00f1os en volverse comercialmente viable.<\/p>\n

    Primera Aplicaci\u00f3n de C\u00f3digos de Barras<\/h2>\n

    La primera aplicaci\u00f3n del sistema de c\u00f3digo de barras fue en el sistema ferroviario. En la d\u00e9cada de 1960, la Asociaci\u00f3n de Ferrocarriles Estadounidenses (AAR) comenz\u00f3 a utilizar el sistema de identificaci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica de autom\u00f3viles KarTrak, que fue dise\u00f1ado por David J. Collins, un graduado del MIT.<\/p>\n

    El sistema utiliz\u00f3 franjas reflectantes azules y rojas que se pintaron en los costados de los vagones de ferrocarril. Las franjas conten\u00edan informaci\u00f3n sobre la propiedad de los vagones de ferrocarril y un n\u00famero de vag\u00f3n \u00fanico. Cada vez que se acercaba un tren, el lector de c\u00f3digos de barras KarTrak le\u00eda la informaci\u00f3n de las franjas que luego se imprim\u00edan en un papel o en una cinta magn\u00e9tica. El sistema gan\u00f3 tanta popularidad que en 1975 casi todos los ferrocarriles de Estados Unidos usaban el sistema KarTrak.<\/p>\n

    En 1978, el sistema fue abandonado debido a la poca precisi\u00f3n y una recesi\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica que llev\u00f3 a muchos ferrocarriles a la quiebra.<\/p>\n

    David J. Collins sigui\u00f3 adelante y cre\u00f3 su propia empresa, Computer Identics Corporation, para poder dedicarse a otras aplicaciones industriales de la tecnolog\u00eda de c\u00f3digos de barras.<\/p>\n

    C\u00f3digos de barras de c\u00f3digo de producto universal (UPC)<\/h2>\n

    En 1951, Norman Joseph Woodland fue empleado de IBM. Junto con Bernard Silver, persuadieron a IBM para que desarrollara a\u00fan m\u00e1s la tecnolog\u00eda de c\u00f3digo de barras, pero debido a las limitaciones de la tecnolog\u00eda, la invenci\u00f3n no era comercialmente viable en ese momento. Por lo tanto, vendieron su patente de ojo de buey a Philadelphia Storage Battery Company, que luego la vendi\u00f3 a RCA Corporation en 1952.<\/p>\n

    En 1967, RCA comenz\u00f3 a comercializar el c\u00f3digo de barras de ojo de buey a las industrias de comestibles comenzando sus pruebas en una tienda Kroger en Cincinnati. Posteriormente, RCA e IBM participaron en la competencia de desarrollo de tecnolog\u00eda de c\u00f3digo de barras. RCA ten\u00eda la patente pero IBM ten\u00eda al inventor original, Norman Joseph Woodland como su personal. Woodland estuvo muy involucrado en el desarrollo de un c\u00f3digo de barras UPC lineal que hizo que IBM emergiera como el ganador en la carrera tecnol\u00f3gica.<\/p>\n

    En 1974, el chicle Juicy Fruit de Wrigley se convirti\u00f3 en el primer art\u00edculo escaneado comercialmente con un c\u00f3digo de barras UPC, lo que marc\u00f3 el punto de inflexi\u00f3n de la tecnolog\u00eda de c\u00f3digos de barras. A lo largo de la d\u00e9cada de 1980, muchas tiendas minoristas adoptaron la tecnolog\u00eda de escaneo de c\u00f3digos de barras debido a beneficios como:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Pago m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido<\/li>\n
    • Cambios de precio instant\u00e1neos habilitados<\/li>\n
    • Las tiendas podr\u00edan atender a m\u00e1s clientes con menos empleados<\/li>\n
    • Precisi\u00f3n mejorada en el control de inventario<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      C\u00f3digo de respuesta r\u00e1pida (QR)<\/h2>\n

      En 1994, una subsidiaria de Toyota conocida como Denso Wave cre\u00f3 el c\u00f3digo QR para permitir un seguimiento m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido de las piezas del veh\u00edculo. El c\u00f3digo QR es un c\u00f3digo de barras bidimensional, ya que contiene s\u00edmbolos y formas bidimensionales. El c\u00f3digo QR tambi\u00e9n puede contener aproximadamente 7000 caracteres. Esta fue una mejora del c\u00f3digo de barras UPC, que es unidimensional y puede contener hasta 20 caracteres.<\/p>\n

      Otro c\u00f3digo de barras bidimensional es Aztec, que se desarroll\u00f3 en 1995. Es popular en el sector del transporte y se usa com\u00fanmente en boletos de avi\u00f3n y tren.<\/p>\n

      Hoy en d\u00eda, los c\u00f3digos de barras se utilizan en muchas industrias. Se utilizan en hospitales para administrar medicamentos, validar boletos de avi\u00f3n o boletos de cine, publicidad, administrar inventario, verificar productos en la industria minorista y mucho m\u00e1s.<\/p>\n

      \u00bfC\u00f3mo funcionan los c\u00f3digos de barras?<\/h2>\n

      Un c\u00f3digo de barras es un c\u00f3digo legible por m\u00e1quina que est\u00e1 en forma de l\u00edneas blancas y negras que tienen diferentes anchos. Se utiliza un esc\u00e1ner de c\u00f3digo de barras para leer las l\u00edneas en blanco y negro para decodificar la informaci\u00f3n contenida dentro de las l\u00edneas y luego transmitir esta informaci\u00f3n a una computadora.<\/p>\n

      Para leer un c\u00f3digo de barras, se dirige un esc\u00e1ner al c\u00f3digo de barras. La luz LED o l\u00e1ser del esc\u00e1ner brilla sobre el c\u00f3digo de barras y refleja la luz hacia una celda fotoel\u00e9ctrica, un componente el\u00e9ctrico que detecta la luz. A medida que el esc\u00e1ner se mueve sobre el c\u00f3digo de barras, la c\u00e9lula fotoel\u00e9ctrica genera un patr\u00f3n de impulsos de encendido y apagado que se convierten en caracteres digitales mediante un circuito electr\u00f3nico dentro del esc\u00e1ner.<\/p>\n

      Los caracteres digitales luego se transmiten a un sistema inform\u00e1tico con la base de datos del producto y se utilizan para identificar el producto. En pocas palabras, el escaneo de c\u00f3digos de barras es un m\u00e9todo m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido para ingresar caracteres alfanum\u00e9ricos en un sistema inform\u00e1tico.<\/p>\n

      Los c\u00f3digos de barras han revolucionado los procesos de muchas industrias. A medida que la tecnolog\u00eda de c\u00f3digos de barras contin\u00faa avanzando, podemos estar seguros de que su aplicaci\u00f3n se extender\u00e1 a nuevas fronteras, lejos de su prop\u00f3sito inicial, que era acelerar el pago y administrar mejor el inventario.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>[:fr]\n\t\t

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      Si vous regardez autour de vous et choisissez un produit au hasard, il y a de fortes chances qu’il porte un code-barres. Nous pouvons avoir une id\u00e9e approximative de l’utilisation du code-barres, car nous l’avons vu scann\u00e9 dans un magasin de d\u00e9tail pour r\u00e9v\u00e9ler les d\u00e9tails du produit tels que le fabricant, la description du produit, le code du produit et le prix du produit. Cependant, nous r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissons rarement \u00e0 la fa\u00e7on dont les codes-barres sont apparus et \u00e0 leur fonctionnement.<\/p>\n

      Vous trouverez ci-dessous un bref historique des codes-barres et de leur fonctionnement.<\/p>\n

      Code-barres \u0153il de b\u0153uf<\/h2>\n

      Le premier code-barres a \u00e9t\u00e9 invent\u00e9 en 1948 par Bernard Silver et Norman Joseph Woodland, qui \u00e9taient des \u00e9tudiants dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s du Drexel Institute of Technology. C’est apr\u00e8s que Bernard Silver a entendu une conversation entre un directeur de magasin et le doyen de l’ing\u00e9nierie sur le d\u00e9veloppement d’une technologie qui pourrait capturer automatiquement les informations sur les produits et acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le processus de paiement. Les deux \u00e9tudiants dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fascin\u00e9s par l’id\u00e9e et ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 travailler sur leur invention.<\/p>\n

      Apr\u00e8s quelques id\u00e9es pr\u00e9liminaires et s’inspirant du code Morse, ils ont propos\u00e9 un code-barres bullseye. Ils ont obtenu un brevet pour leur invention en 1952, mais il a fallu pr\u00e8s de vingt ans pour que l’invention devienne commercialement viable.<\/p>\n

      Premi\u00e8re application de code-barres<\/h2>\n

      La premi\u00e8re application du syst\u00e8me de codes \u00e0 barres \u00e9tait dans le syst\u00e8me ferroviaire. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1960, l’Association of American Railroads (AAR) a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 utiliser le syst\u00e8me d’identification automatique des wagons KarTrak, con\u00e7u par David J. Collins, dipl\u00f4m\u00e9 du MIT.<\/p>\n

      Le syst\u00e8me utilisait des bandes r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissantes bleues et rouges qui \u00e9taient peintes sur les c\u00f4t\u00e9s des wagons. Les bandes contenaient des informations sur la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des wagons et un num\u00e9ro de wagon unique. Chaque fois qu’un train s’approchait, le lecteur de code-barres KarTrak lisait les informations des bandes, qui \u00e9taient ensuite imprim\u00e9es sur papier ou sur bande magn\u00e9tique. Le syst\u00e8me est devenu si populaire qu’en 1975, presque tous les chemins de fer des \u00c9tats-Unis utilisaient le syst\u00e8me KarTrak.<\/p>\n

      En 1978, le syst\u00e8me a \u00e9t\u00e9 abandonn\u00e9 en raison d’une mauvaise pr\u00e9cision et d’un ralentissement \u00e9conomique qui a conduit de nombreux chemins de fer \u00e0 la faillite.<\/p>\n

      David J. Collins a ensuite cr\u00e9\u00e9 sa propre entreprise, Computer Identics Corporation, afin de pouvoir poursuivre d’autres applications industrielles de la technologie des codes \u00e0 barres.<\/p>\n

      Codes \u00e0 barres Universal Product Code (UPC)<\/h2>\n

      En 1951, Norman Joseph Woodland \u00e9tait employ\u00e9 par IBM. Avec Bernard Silver, ils ont persuad\u00e9 IBM de d\u00e9velopper davantage la technologie des codes \u00e0 barres, mais en raison des limites de la technologie, l’invention n’\u00e9tait pas commercialement viable \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque. Par cons\u00e9quent, ils ont vendu leur brevet de hublot \u00e0 la Philadelphia Storage Battery Company, qui l’a ensuite vendu \u00e0 la RCA Corporation en 1952.<\/p>\n

      En 1967, RCA a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 commercialiser le code \u00e0 barres dans le mille aux industries de l’\u00e9picerie en commen\u00e7ant ses essais dans un magasin Kroger \u00e0 Cincinnati. Par la suite, RCA et IBM ont particip\u00e9 au concours de d\u00e9veloppement de la technologie des codes \u00e0 barres. RCA d\u00e9tenait le brevet, mais IBM avait l’inventeur original, Norman Joseph Woodland, parmi son personnel. Woodland a \u00e9t\u00e9 fortement impliqu\u00e9 dans le d\u00e9veloppement d’un code-barres UPC lin\u00e9aire qui a vu IBM devenir le vainqueur de la course technologique.<\/p>\n

      En 1974, la gomme Juicy Fruit de Wrigley est devenue le premier article scann\u00e9 commercialement avec un code-barres UPC, marquant le tournant de la technologie des codes-barres. Tout au long des ann\u00e9es 1980, de nombreux magasins de d\u00e9tail ont adopt\u00e9 la technologie de lecture de codes-barres en raison d’avantages tels que\u00a0:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • paiement plus rapide<\/li>\n
      • Changements de prix instantan\u00e9s activ\u00e9s<\/li>\n
      • Les magasins pourraient servir plus de clients avec moins d’employ\u00e9s<\/li>\n
      • Am\u00e9lioration de la pr\u00e9cision du contr\u00f4le des stocks<\/li>\n
      • Code de r\u00e9ponse rapide (QR)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        En 1994, une filiale de Toyota connue sous le nom de Denso Wave a cr\u00e9\u00e9 le code QR pour permettre un suivi plus rapide des pi\u00e8ces de v\u00e9hicules. Le code QR est un code-barres bidimensionnel car il contient des symboles et des formes bidimensionnels. Le code QR peut \u00e9galement contenir environ 7 000 caract\u00e8res. Il s’agissait d’une am\u00e9lioration du code-barres UPC, qui est unidimensionnel et peut contenir jusqu’\u00e0 20 caract\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

        Un autre code-barres bidimensionnel est Aztec, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 en 1995. Il est populaire dans l’industrie du transport et est couramment utilis\u00e9 sur les billets d’avion et de train.<\/p>\n

        Aujourd’hui, les codes-barres sont utilis\u00e9s dans de nombreuses industries. Ils sont utilis\u00e9s dans les h\u00f4pitaux pour administrer des m\u00e9dicaments, valider des billets d’avion ou de cin\u00e9ma, faire de la publicit\u00e9, g\u00e9rer des stocks, v\u00e9rifier des produits dans le secteur de la vente au d\u00e9tail et bien plus encore.<\/p>\n

        Comment fonctionnent les codes-barres?<\/h2>\n

        Un code-barres est un code lisible par machine qui se pr\u00e9sente sous la forme de lignes noires et blanches de largeurs diff\u00e9rentes. Un lecteur de codes \u00e0 barres est utilis\u00e9 pour lire les lignes noires et blanches afin de d\u00e9coder les informations contenues dans les lignes, puis de transmettre ces informations \u00e0 un ordinateur.<\/p>\n

        Pour lire un code-barres, un scanner est dirig\u00e9 vers le code-barres. La lumi\u00e8re LED ou laser du scanner brille sur le code-barres et r\u00e9fl\u00e9chit la lumi\u00e8re sur une cellule photo\u00e9lectrique, un composant \u00e9lectrique qui d\u00e9tecte la lumi\u00e8re. Lorsque le lecteur se d\u00e9place sur le code \u00e0 barres, la cellule photo\u00e9lectrique g\u00e9n\u00e8re un motif d’impulsions marche\/arr\u00eat qui sont converties en caract\u00e8res num\u00e9riques par des circuits \u00e9lectroniques \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur du lecteur.<\/p>\n

        Les caract\u00e8res num\u00e9riques sont ensuite transmis \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me informatique avec la base de donn\u00e9es de produits et utilis\u00e9s pour identifier le produit. En termes simples, la lecture de codes-barres est une m\u00e9thode plus rapide pour saisir des caract\u00e8res alphanum\u00e9riques dans un syst\u00e8me informatique.<\/p>\n

        Les codes-barres ont r\u00e9volutionn\u00e9 les processus de nombreuses industries. Au fur et \u00e0 mesure que la technologie des codes-barres progresse, nous pouvons \u00eatre s\u00fbrs que son application s’\u00e9tendra \u00e0 de nouvelles fronti\u00e8res, loin de son objectif initial, qui \u00e9tait d’acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage en caisse et de mieux g\u00e9rer les stocks.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>[:]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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